Prevalencia de enterobiasis y factores socioambientales en una zona rural de Ecuador / Prevalence of enterobiasis and socio-environmental factors in a rural area from Ecuador

La gestión de los residuos sanitarios requiere atención especial y todos los equipos sanitarios deben participar en la manipulación de los residuos. Se presta menos atención a la gestión de residuos sanitarios en países en vías de desarrollo y no hay evidencia sobre las prácticas de gestión de residuos sanitarios en algunas instituciones sanitarias. Este estudio se realizó para evaluar las prácticas de gestión de residuos sanitarios y los factores asociados en tres hospitales de Perú. Es un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y de corte transversal basado en tres establecimientos de salud. Los datos se recopilaron mediante cuestionarios y listas de verificación de observación. El (66,67%) de los trabajadores conocían sobre el manejo de los desechos biológicos. La mayoría conocía los riesgos asociados con el manejo de los mismos (95,91%). Los participantes tenían el conocimiento de que pueden evitarse las infecciones. Nueve de cada diez de los trabajadores realizaron por lo menos dos capacitaciones en la gestión del manejo de los desechos biológicos. El 95,91% conocía los códigos de colores correctos de los contenedores para diferentes flujos de desechos. En cuanto a las actitudes, 161 (94,15 %) indicó que la gestión de los desechos biológicos era importante y 162 (94,74%) estuvo de acuerdo en que era necesaria una implementación estricta para la gestión adecuada de los mismos en el establecimiento de salud. Elementos clave para mejorar las prácticas de gestión de residuos sanitarios en hospitales: promover prácticas que reduzcan el volumen de residuos generados y aseguren una adecuada segregación de residuos(AU)

Healthcare waste management requires special attention and every healthcare teams should be involved in handling of wastes. However, less attention is paid to health care waste management in developing countries and there is no evidence on health care waste management practices in some institutions providing health services. This study was conducted to assess healthcare waste management practices and associated factors in three hospitals in Peru. It is a descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional study based on three health establishments. Data were collected using questionnaire and observational checklists. The (66.67%) of the workers knew about the management of biological waste. The majority knew the risks associated with handling them (95.91%). Participants were aware that infections can be prevented. Nine out of ten of the workers completed at least two trainings in the management of biological waste. 95.91% knew the correct container color codes for different waste streams. Regarding attitudes, 161 (94.15%) indicated that the management of biological waste was important and 162 (94.74%) agreed that strict implementation was necessary for proper management of biological waste in the environment health facility. Key elements to improve healthcare waste management practices in hospitals: promote practices that reduce the volume of waste generated and ensure proper waste segregation(AU)

Pinworm infection in school children of four districts of Malakand region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan / Infecção por Pinworm em crianças em idade escolar de quatro distritos da região de Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Illnesses caused by human pinworm remains a pediatric health problem in developing nations including Pakistan. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis in school children of four districts in Malakand region, Pakistan. Four hundred faecal specimens were screened from May 2014 to July 2017 using normal saline and Lugol Iodine solution. Twenty three (5.75%) individuals were found infected with E. vermicularis. Five children (1.25%) were infected with only E. vermicularis and eighteen (4.5%) were mixed with other helminths. E. vermicularis 23 (5.75%), hookworm 11 (2.75%), Ascaris lumbricoides 5 (1.25%), Taenia saginata 2 (0.5%) and Trichuris trichuira 4 (1%) were detected. Age wise 5-8 years were more parasitized followed by 13-15 and 9-12 years of age (0.0296, P<0.05). Male children were highly (0.06700, P<0.05) infected than female. Children in Malakand district were found more infected followed by Dir Upper, similar infection rate was noted in children of districts Lower Dir and Swat (0.0192, P<0.05). Children in primary level were highly (0.0013, P<0.05) infected than those of middle and high levels. Enterobiosis is still the most common parasitic diseases in children. Studies on enterobiosis should be conducted time by time to recognize the hazardous of such parasitic infection in remote areas of the country.

As doenças causadas pela traça humana continuam sendo um problema de saúde pediátrica nos países em desenvolvimento, incluindo o Paquistão. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a prevalência de Enterobius vermicularis em escolares de quatro distritos na região de Malakand, Paquistão. Quatrocentos espécimes fecais foram selecionados de maio de 2014 a julho de 2017, usando solução salina normal e solução de lugol iodo. Vinte e três (5,75%) indivíduos foram encontrados infectados por E. vermicularis. Cinco crianças (1,25%) foram infectadas apenas com E. vermicularis e dezoito (4,5%) foram misturadas com outros helmintos. Foram detectados E. vermicularis 23 (5,75%), ancilóstomo 11 (2,75%), Ascaris lumbricoides 5 (1,25%), Taenia saginata 2 (0,5%) e Trichuris trichuira 4 (1%). Com relação à idade, 5-8 anos foram mais parasitados, seguidos por 13-15 e 9-12 anos de idade (0,0296, P <0,05). Crianças do sexo masculino foram altamente (0,06700, P <0,05) infectadas do que as do sexo feminino. As crianças no distrito de Malakand foram encontradas mais infectadas, seguidas por Dir Upper, taxa de infecção semelhante foi observada em crianças dos distritos Lower Dir e Swat (0,0192, P <0,05). As crianças do nível primário foram altamente (0,0013, P <0,05) infectadas do que as dos níveis médio e alto. A enterobiose ainda é a doença parasitária mais comum em crianças. Os estudos sobre enterobiose devem ser conduzidos periodicamente para reconhecer a periculosidade dessa infecção parasitária em áreas remotas do país.

Pinworm infection in school children of four districts of Malakand region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan / Infecção por Pinworm em crianças em idade escolar de quatro distritos da região de Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Illnesses caused by human pinworm remains a pediatric health problem in developing nations including Pakistan. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis in school children of four districts in Malakand region, Pakistan. Four hundred faecal specimens were screened from May 2014 to July 2017 using normal saline and Lugol Iodine solution. Twenty three (5.75%) individuals were found infected with E. vermicularis. Five children (1.25%) were infected with only E. vermicularis and eighteen (4.5%) were mixed with other helminths. E. vermicularis 23 (5.75%), hookworm 11 (2.75%), Ascaris lumbricoides 5 (1.25%), Taenia saginata 2 (0.5%) and Trichuris trichuira 4 (1%) were detected. Age wise 5-8 years were more parasitized followed by 13-15 and 9-12 years of age (0.0296, P<0.05). Male children were highly (0.06700, P<0.05) infected than female. Children in Malakand district were found more infected followed by Dir Upper, similar infection rate was noted in children of districts Lower Dir and Swat (0.0192, P<0.05). Children in primary level were highly (0.0013, P<0.05) infected than those of middle and high levels. Enterobiosis is still the most common parasitic diseases in children. Studies on enterobiosis should be conducted time by time to recognize the hazardous of such parasitic infection in remote areas of the country.

As doenças causadas pela traça humana continuam sendo um problema de saúde pediátrica nos países em desenvolvimento, incluindo o Paquistão. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a prevalência de Enterobius vermicularis em escolares de quatro distritos na região de Malakand, Paquistão. Quatrocentos espécimes fecais foram selecionados de maio de 2014 a julho de 2017, usando solução salina normal e solução de lugol iodo. Vinte e três (5,75%) indivíduos foram encontrados infectados por E. vermicularis. Cinco crianças (1,25%) foram infectadas apenas com E. vermicularis e dezoito (4,5%) foram misturadas com outros helmintos. Foram detectados E. vermicularis 23 (5,75%), ancilóstomo 11 (2,75%), Ascaris lumbricoides 5 (1,25%), Taenia saginata 2 (0,5%) e Trichuris trichuira 4 (1%). Com relação à idade, 5-8 anos foram mais parasitados, seguidos por 13-15 e 9-12 anos de idade (0,0296, P <0,05). Crianças do sexo masculino foram altamente (0,06700, P <0,05) infectadas do que as do sexo feminino. As crianças no distrito de Malakand foram encontradas mais infectadas, seguidas por Dir Upper, taxa de infecção semelhante foi observada em crianças dos distritos Lower Dir e Swat (0,0192, P <0,05). As crianças do nível primário foram altamente (0,0013, P <0,05) infectadas do que as dos níveis médio e alto. A enterobiose ainda é a doença parasitária mais comum em crianças. Os estudos sobre enterobiose devem ser conduzidos periodicamente para reconhecer a periculosidade dessa infecção parasitária em áreas remotas do país.

Bruxismo y desagaste oclusal asociado a enterobiasis en niños en edad preescolar de la provincia Junín / Bruxism and occlusal wear associated with enterobiasis in preschool children from Junín province

Debido a que el bruxismo es un hábito oral prevalente entre los niños y un potencial destructor de los tejidos orales, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la relación entre las infecciones por Enterobius vermicularis y el bruxismo entre los niños de un preescolar en la provincia de Junin. La muestra estuvo conformoda por 96 niños de 4 a 6 años. El bruxismo se investigó en base a los informes de los padres sobre el rechinar de dientes por la noche, la calidad del sueño y aspectos clínicos tanto intraorales como extraorales relacionados con la afección. El análisis de datos involucró estadísticas descriptivas, chi-cuadrado de Pearson. La prevalencia de bruxismo fue de 65,62%. Se observó a través del índice de BEWE en los infantes con bruxismo y parasitados por E. vermicularis que el 30,15% se diagnóstico defecto evidente con pérdida de tejido duro menor. No se evidenció asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el bruxismo y el parsitismo por E. vermicularis. Con base en los presentes hallazgos, la prevalencia del bruxismo del sueño fue significativo(AU)

Because bruxism is a prevalent oral habit among children and a potential destroyer of oral tissues, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between Enterobius vermicularis infections and bruxism among children of a preschool in the province of Junin. The sample consisted of 96 children from 4 to 6 years old. Bruxism was investigated based on parental reports of nighttime teeth grinding, sleep quality, and both intraoral and extraoral clinical aspects related to the condition. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square. The prevalence of bruxism was 65.62%. It was observed through the BEWE index in infants with bruxism and parasitized by E. vermicularis that 30.15% were diagnosed with an obvious defect with minor hard tissue loss. No statistically significant association was found between bruxism and E. vermicularis parasitism. Based on the present findings, the prevalence of sleep bruxism was significant(AU)

Factores asociados a enterobiosis en niños de dos comunidades nativas Ese'Eja del departamento Madre de Dios, Perú / Factors associated with enterobiosis in children of the Ese'Eja native communities in department of Madre de Dios, Peru

Introducción: La enterobiosis es una de las principales infecciones intestinales del mundo. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a la infección por Enterobius vermicularis en niños de dos comunidades nativas Ese'Eja en Madre de Dios, Perú. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico. Se trabajó con niños (77) de 1 a 11 años durante los meses de febrero a marzo de 2014. Para diagnosticar la enterobiosis se usó el test de Graham. Las manifestaciones clínicas fueron evaluadas por un médico y los factores asociados mediante una encuesta aplicada a los padres de los niños evaluados. Se usó estadística descriptiva y analítica, se utilizaron razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas con un IC 95 por ciento se consideró p< 0,05 como significativo. Resultados: La prevalencia de enterobiosis fue de 32,47 por ciento (25). Los factores asociados (RP e IC 95 por ciento) en el análisis bivariado fueron onicofagia 2,1 (1,1-3,9), chuparse los dedos 5,4 (2,1-2,7), uñas largas 7 (2,6-18,6), intercambio de ropa 2,3 (1,1-3,7), cambio de ropa interior 3,3 (1,8-5,9), uso de calzado 7 (2,6-18,4), juego con tierra 6,9 (1,7-27,3), juego con mascotas 6,4 (2,1-19,7), lavado de manos antes de comer 7,9 (3,6-17,1), lavado de manos después de comer 1,9 (1,7-3,66), 6 o más personas en la casa 3,9 (1,9-7,9), disposición de excretas a campo abierto 3,3 (1,7-6,2) y el menor nivel socioeconómico 2,6 (1,3-5,4). No hubo asociaciones en el análisis multivariado. Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de enterobiosis en la población estudiada y los factores de riesgo son similares a los antecedentes locales. Urge hacer programas de prevención y promoción de salud respecto al tema para reducir este problema(AU)

Introduction: Enterobiasis is one of the main intestinal infections worldwide. Objective: Determine the factors associated to Enterobius vermicularis infection in children from two native Ese'Eja communities in Madre de Dios, Peru. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in February-March 2014 of 77 children aged 1-11 years. Enterobiasis diagnosis was based on Graham's test. Clinical manifestations were evaluated by a physician, whereas associated factors were determined through a survey applied to the parents of the children studied. Use was made of descriptive and analytical statistical analysis, and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios with a CI of 95 percent. A p value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Enterobiasis prevalence was 32.47 percent (25). The associated factors (PR and CI 95 percent) in the bivariate analysis were onychophagia 2.1 (1.1-3.9), finger sucking 5.4 (2.1-2.7), long nails 7 (2.6-18.6), exchanging clothes 2.3 (1.1-3.7), changing underwear 3.3 (1.8-5.9), wearing shoes 7 (2.6-18.4), playing with earth 6.9 (1.7-27.3), playing with pets 6.4 (2.1-19.7), handwashing before eating 7.9 (3.6-17.1), handwashing after eating 1.9 (1.7-3.66), six or more people in the household 3.9 (1.9-7.9), feces disposal in open areas 3.3 (1.7-6.2) and a lower socioeconomic level 2.6 (1.3-5.4). Multivariate analysis did not find any association. Conclusions: Enterobiasis prevalence is high in the population studied, and the risk factors are similar to the local antecedents. It is urgent to develop health prevention and promotion programs about the topic to reduce this problem(AU)

Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019

This study aimed to determine the status of common parasitic disease in Korea in 2019. Twelve parasitic diseases were selected: toxocariasis, anisakiasis, paragonimiasis, sparganosis, cysticercosis, toxoplasmosis, clonorchiasis, enterobiasis, trichuriasis, trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis, and malaria. Their biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptoms and signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis were evaluated. Of the parasitic diseases, toxocariasis was the most prevalent according to serological results. Anisakiasis should be considered when acute gastrointestinal symptoms occur with a recent past history of raw seafood ingestion. Paragonimiasis, sparganosis, and cysticercosis can be diagnosed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; thus, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay needs to be performed for suspected cases. Toxoplasmosis and cryptosporidiosis are opportunistic infections. The symptoms and signs are aggravated under immunocompromised conditions. Although the egg positivity rate of Clonorchis sinensis is higher than that of other intestinal parasitic diseases, encountering patients with complaints of symptoms caused by clonorchiasis is rare because the worm burden is low. Trichomoniasis is usually managed by gynecologists; therefore, it should be included in the differential diagnoses of vaginal diseases. The annual number of malaria cases has decreased, although it remains at approximately 500 cases per year. Malaria should be suspected when symptoms such as intermittent fever, headache, and splenomegaly are noted especially when the patients reside near demilitarized zones. Although the prevalence and number of reported cases of parasitic diseases have decreased in Korea, we should consider parasitic diseases in the list of differential diagnoses.

Confusing a Pollen Grain with a Parasite Egg: an Appraisal of “Paleoparasitological Evidence of Pinworm (Enterobius Vermicularis) Infection in a Female Adolescent Residing in Ancient Tehran”

There is often the risk of confusing pollen grains with helminth eggs from archaeological sites. Thousands to millions of pollen grains can be recovered from archaeological burial sediments that represent past ritual, medication and environment. Some pollen grain types can be similar to parasite eggs. Such a confusion is represented by the diagnosis of enterobiasis in ancient Iran. The authors of this study confused a joint-pine (Ephedra spp.) pollen grain with a pinworm egg. This paper describes the specific Ephedra pollen morphology that can be confused with pinworm eggs.

Methanol Extracts of Codium fragile Induces Apoptosis through G1/S Cell Cycle Arrest in FaDu Human Hypopharynx Squamous Carcinoma Cells

Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot is an edible green seaweed that belong to the Codiaceae family and has been used in Oriental medicine for the treatment of enterobiasis, dropsy, and dysuria. Methanol extract of codium fragile has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, although the anti-cancer effect on oral cancer has not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer activity and the mechanism of cell death by methanol extracts of Codium fragile (MeCF) on human FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Our data showed that MeCF inhibits cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, and markedly induced apoptosis, as determined by the MTT assay, Live/Dead assay, and DAPI stain. In addition, MeCF induced the proteolytic cleavage of procaspase −3, −7, −9 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP), and upregulated or downregulated the expression of mitochondrial-apoptosis factor, Bax(pro-apoptotic factor), and Bcl-2(anti-apoptotic factor), . Futhermore, MeCF induced a cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase through suppressing the expression of the cell cycle cascade proteins, p21, CDK4, CyclinD1, and phospho-Rb. Taken together, these results indicated that MeCF inhibits cell growth, and this inhibition is mediated by caspase- and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathways through cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase in human FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Therefore, methanol extracts of Codium fragile can be provided as a novel chemotherapeutic drug due to its growth inhibition effects and induction of apoptosis in human oral cancer cells.

Is it necessary to take anthelmintics every year in Korea?

Is it necessary to intake anthelmintics every year in Korea? To answer to this question, the recent nation-wide egg positive rate of the intestinal nematodes in Korea was presented. The anthelminthics which are purchasable without physician's prescription were also introduced with their pharmacological reaction and indication. The egg positive rate of Ascaris lumbricoides in 2012 was 0.025%. Those of Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis were 0.27% and 0.004%, respectively. In 2018, purchasable anthelmintics without physician's prescription in Korea were albendazole and flubendazole only. Those two anthelmintics were derivatives of benzimidazole that may cause some side effects such as hepatitis, increase of hepatic enzymes, granulocytopenia, or pancytopenia. These anthelmintics showed excellent effect to ascariasis; while, they are not sufficient to treat trichuriaiss. For treatment of enterobiasis, repeated taking 3 times with 3 weeks interval and mass treatment of the family of egg positive person are required. In conclusion, it is not necessary to take anthelmintics every year without specific diagnosis because of negligible egg positive rate of intestinal nematodes and complicated therapeutic module for enterobiasis. There was no specific symptom of ascariasis or trchuriasis if worm burden is not high. The common symptoms of enterobiasis were pain or itching at the perianal area, sleep difficulty, or diarrhea. If intestinal nematode infection is suspected, stool examination or perianal swab should be done before prescribing anthelmintics.

Soil transmitted helminthiasis in different occupational groups in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

We investigated the prevalence of geohelminth parasites in farmers, education concerned and shepherd of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 1041 stool samples were examined from January 2006 to December 2008 using direct smear [Normal saline and Lugol,s Iodine solution] the concentration methods and procedures. Seven hundred and sixty three [73.2%] individuals were found infected with one or more than one geohelminth parasites. Four hundred and eighteen [54.7%] were infected with single parasite and three hundred forty five [45.3%] with multiple infections. Ascaris lumbricoides 460 [53.0%], Trichuris trichura 228 [26.2%], Enterobius vermicularis 123 [14.1%] and Ancylostoma duedenale 56 [6.45%] were detected. The adults were found more parasitized than children and males were more infected than females. Shepherds were found more infected than farmers and education concerned. Although Swat is an area with poor hygiene located in temperate zone near the border of Afghanistan and China. The prevalence of reported geohelminth parasites here compared with the same studies is unexpectedly high. These type of studies should continue time to time to know the hazardous of such parasitic infections for the betterment of the human health

Negligible Egg Positive Rate of Enterobius vermicularis and No Detection of Head Lice among Orphanage Children in Busan and Ulsan, Korea (2014)

To determine whether pinworm infections and head lice infestations spread among children in orphanages, 117 children from 4 orphanages in Busan-si and Ulsan-si, Korea, were examined for enterobiasis and head lice infestation between January and February 2014. The overall rate of Enterobius vermicularis egg positivity was 0.85%, whereas none of the children had head lice infestations. The rate of pinworm infection was much lower among the orphanage children compared to the rates observed in previous studies among kindergarten and primary school students. Moreover, the risk factors for enterobiasis were less frequent among these subjects than previously reported. The personal hygiene and health of the orphanage children were supervised by a regular, employed nurse through a health education program. In conclusion, pinworm infection was efficiently controlled among the children in orphanages, and this might be related to good personal hygiene practices in Korea.

High Prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis Infection among Schoolchildren in Three Townships around Yangon, Myanmar

In order to determine the status of Enterobius vermicularis infection among schoolchildren in suburban areas of Myanmar, 761 primary schoolchildren in 3 different townships around Yangon City were subjected to a survey using cello-tape anal swabs. The subjected schoolchildren were 383 boys and 378 girls who were 5-7 years of age. Only 1 anal swab was obtained from each child. The overall egg positive rate of E. vermicularis was 47.2% (359 positives), and sex difference was not remarkable (48.6% in boys and 45.8% in girls). However, the positive rate was the highest in South Dagon (54.6%) followed by Hlaing Thayar (43.8%) and North Dagon (34.8%). This difference was highly correlated with the living standards of the people in each township. Nucleotide sequence of the 5S rDNA from the eggs on the cello-tape (2 children) revealed 99.7% identity with that of E. vermicularis reported in GenBank. The results indicated that E. vermicularis infection is highly prevalent among primary schoolchildren around Yangon, Myanmar.

Ausencia de diferencia en niveles séricos de sodio, potasio, cobre, hierro y zinc en niños con enterobiasis del semiárido rural del estado Falcón, Venezuela / Absence of difference in serum levels of sodium, potassium, copper, iron and zinc in children with enterobiasis in the rural semiarid area from Falcón state, Venezuela

Las infecciones por parásitos intestinales han sido señaladas de alterar las concentraciones séricas de macro y micro elementos esenciales, especialmente en niños. Mediante un espectrofotómetro de absorción atómica Varian Spectraa-20 Plus, se determinaron los niveles séricos de sodio (Na), potasio (K), cobre (Cu), hierro (Fe) y zinc (Zn) en 59 niños en edad preescolar y escolar de Taratara, estado Falcón, Venezuela. De estos, 27 estaban infectados solamente con Enterobius vermicularis y los restantes sin infecciones entero-parasitarias (grupo control). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P<0,05) entre los niveles séricos para ninguno de los elementos minerales medidos, cuando se comparó el grupo de los niños con enterobiasis vs. un grupo control no parasitado. Se sugiere que los resultados detectados en Taratara, estado Falcón, Venezuela, son una variación local de la problemática de la enterobiasis.

Intestinal parasitic infections have been shown to have deleterious effects on serum levels of essential macro and micro elements, especially in children. By means of the Atomic Absorption Spectrophometer Varian Spectraa-20 Plus, serological levels of sodium (Na), potassium (K), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were measured in 59 preschool and school aged children of Taratara, Falcon state, Venezuela. Of these, 27 were monoparasited with Enterobius vermicularis, and remaining ones were without any entero-parasitic complaints (control group). There was no statistically significant difference in Cu, Zn, K, Na and Fe levels between the groups of oxyuros infected children vs. those non parasitized. This situation observed at Taratara, Falcón state, Venezuela, appears to be a particular local variation on the enterobiasis framework.

Chemotherapeutic drugs for common parasitic diseases in Korea

Incidence of parasitic diseases in Korea has been changing recently. The incidence of some parasitic diseases such as toxocariasis and cryptosporidiosis has increased, while that of soil-transmitted helminthic diseases has drastically decreased. Malaria reemerged in 1993 but has decreased in the 2010s. Here, common parasitic diseases that can be encountered in the clinical field are introduced, along with therapeutic agents such as anthelmintics, anti-malarial drugs, and anti-protozoan drugs to help general physicians select the appropriate medicine for parasitic diseases. Currently, soil-transmitted helminths are not a public health problem. On the other hand, the egg positive rate of Clonorchis sinensis has not decreased rapidly due to the habit of eating raw fresh water fishes in endemic areas; however, due to low worm density, it is difficult to detect infected persons only by clinical symptoms. Toxocariasis and ocular acanthamoebiasis can be detected more frequently due to appropriate diagnostic tools and physicians' concern. Cases of intestinal trematodiases, intestinal protozoasis, and vaginal trichomoniasis have decreased year by year. Since enterobiasis, pediculosis, and scabies are contact-borne diseases, local transmission and resurgence are always possible. Only a few antiparasitic agents can be prescribed in the clinics: albendazole, praziquantel, metronidazole, chloroquine, primaquine, and crotamiton. It may be helpful to general physicians to be reminded of the indications, prescription methods, and side effects described briefly for each drug that can be prescribed for parasitic diseases. Further information can be gathered from the Korea Pharmaceutical Information Service (http://www.kpis.or.kr/). For accurate diagnosis and prescription, a parasitologist may be consulted.

Environmental Factors Related to Enterobiasis in a Southeast Region of Korea

Pinworm infection can occur through contact with contaminated surfaces followed by ingestion or even through inhalation of infective eggs. We have limited information regarding environmental contamination by eggs of Enterobius vermicularis. In order to determine environmental risk factors associated with the rate of E. vermicularis infection, we investigated possible environmental risk factors using a questionnaire from 46 kindergartens in 3 different cities of the southeast area of Korea. In total, using the cellotape anal swab technique, 3,422 children were examined for E. vermicularis infection. We evaluated E. vermicularis egg of books, educational materials, toys, room door handles, dusts of window edges, desks, chairs, tables, and dusts of classrooms. The overall egg-positive rate for E. vermicularis was 6.0%, and the prevalence of enterobiasis in each kindergarten ranged between 0% and 16.9%. We found that 78.9% of egg positive kindergartens were managed by private foundations, which was significantly higher, compared with kindergartens managed by public foundations or the nation. Compared with public or national kindergartens, most private kindergartens were located in residential areas and the number of children in these areas was significantly higher. In conclusion, numbers of children in kindergartens was found to be an environmental risk factor associated with transmission of enterobiasis in Korea.

Estudio clínico-epidemiológico de enterobiasis en niños de una comunidad rural del estado Falcón - Venezuela / Clinical and epidemiological study of enterobiasis in children of a rural community from Falcon state, Venezuela

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las características clínicas-epidemiológicas de la enterobiasis en niños de una comunidad rural (Arenales) del estado Falcón, Venezuela. Entre marzo-julio de 2011, se evaluaron 113 muestras por la técnica de Graham. Se determinó una prevalencia global de 23% (26/113). El prurito anal (P=0,01) y secreción vaginal (P=0,03) fueron los síntomas significativamente asociados con enterobiasis. Los factores de riesgo asociados con esta patología, tal como lo sugieren sus elevados Odds Ratios (OR), fueron: prurito anal (OR= 3,43) y hacinamiento (OR=3,97). Concluimos que los factores potenciales que hacen posible el mantenimiento endémico de la enterobiasis en niños de Arenales están relacionados directamente con las condiciones socioeconómicas de pobreza y la carencia o deficiente aplicación de medidas higiénicas sanitarias.

The objective of this investigation was to determine the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of enterobiasis in children of a rural community (Arenales) in the State of Falcón, Venezuela. Between the months of March and July of 2011, 113 samples were tested using the Graham method. A global prevalence of 23% was determined (26/113). Pruritus ani (P= 0.01) and vaginal discharge (P= 0.03) were the significant Enterobiasis associated symptoms. The risk factors associated to the pathology, as suggested by their increased Odds Ratios (OR), were: pruritus ani (OR= 3.43), and overcrowding (OR = 3.97). In conclusion, the potential factors which make enterobiasis endemic in children of the community of Arenales are directly related to the socioeconomical conditions of poverty and the lack of hygienic habits.

Oxiuriasis tubárica como causa de dolor abdominal en estudio: reporte de un caso / Fallopian tube as a likely cause of abdomal pain in study: case report

INTRODUCCIÓN: La oxiuriasis es una parasitosis causada por Enterobius vermicularis, cuyo ciclo vital es exclusivo en humano. En chile se subestima su prevalencia, debido a su baja notificación, sin embargo es causante de múltiples entidades clínicas como trastornos del sueño, lesiones de la mucosa nasal, vulvovaginitis,salpingitis, ooforitis, enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, e incluso peritonitis secundaria a perforación de asa intestinal infestada. PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO: Mujer de 33 años que ingresa al servicio de urgencia del Hospital El Pino, Santiago de Chile, con manifestaciones clínicas compatibles con apendicitis aguda. Se realiza apendicectomía y como hallazgo operatorio se constata tumor de bordes mal definidos en trompa uterina derecha, interpretado como embarazo ectópico, por lo que se realiza salpingectomía unilateral. Sin embargo, en el estudio anatomopatológico posterior se diagnostica enterobiasis tubárica DISCUSIÓN: La infestación por Enterobius vermicularis es considerada endémica en nuestro país, con una prevalencia de hasta un 41por ciento, por lo que es necesario incorporarlo como diagnóstico diferencial de abdomen agudo.

INTRODUCTION: Estrongyloides is a parasitic disease caused by Enterobius vermicularis, Humans are hosts only to this parasite. In Chile, there are an underestimated prevalence due to its low notification, however, it causes many clinical entities as sleep disorder, nasal mucosal damage, vulvovaginitis, salpingitis, oophoritis, pelvic inflammatory disease and even peritonitis due to rupture of infested intestinal loop. CASE REPORT: A 33 years old admitted to the emergency department of Hospital El Pino with clinical manifestations compatible with acute appendicitis. Appendectomy was performed, operative findings suggested an ill-defined tumor in fallopian tube, interpreted as ectopic pregnancy. Then underwent unilateral salpingectomy after pathological examination fallopian tube salpingeal was diagnosed. DISCUSSION: Given the high prevalence and the fact that mimic acute appendicitis it´s a significant part of the differential diagnosis for acute abdomen.

Prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis among Preschool Children in Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea

We assessed the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infection and changes in the egg positive rate (EPR) over 1-year time, using the adhesive cellophane-tape perianal swab method in 2,347 preschool children in Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea in 2008 and 2009. The overall EPR for E. vermicularis was 4.1% in 2008 and 4.5% in 2009. A study population of 389 children was repeatedly examined for 2 years. Within this group, the EPR in 2009 was twice higher than in 2008, and the EPR of the group of 5-7-year-old children was significantly higher than that of other age groups. Moreover, in the group of 5-7-year-old children in 2009, the rates of positive and negative conversion were significantly higher and lower, respectively, than in other age groups. Conclusively, enterobiasis was prevalent during 2008-2009 among preschool children in Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, and the increased EPR in 2009 was due to an increase in newly acquired infections among 5-7-year-old children.

Oxiuriasis apendicular: estudio de prevalencia y descripción clínico-morfológica / Presence of Enterobius vermicularis in surgical pieces of appendectomies

Background: The frequency of appendicular presence of Enterobius vermicularis varies from 0.2 to 41.8 percent. It is generally a pathological finding. The luminal obstruction by the parasite may unveil an acute appendicitis. Aim: To study the frequency of Enterobius vermicularis presence in surgical pieces of appendectomies. Material and Methods: Analysis of surgical pieces of appendectomies processed at the pathology laboratory of a general hospital, between 1993 and 2010. Results: In 21.038 surgical pieces, the presence of Enterobius vermicularis was found in 322 (1.5 percent). Fifty nine percent were women and 71 percent were younger than 18 years. Acute inflammation was confirmed in 71 percent. A history of previous abdominal pain was present in 40 and 70 percent of patients with and without acute inflammation in the surgical piece. Conclusions: In this series, the frequency of Enterobius vermicularis presence in surgical pieces of appendectomy was 1.5 percent.

Introducción: La frecuencia de Enterobius vermicularis (EB) apendicular varía entre 0,2-41,8 por ciento, siendo generalmente su diagnóstico un hallazgo al estudio histopatológico. La obstrución luminal puede desencadenar un cólico apendicular o evolucionar a una apendicitis aguda, siendo por tanto una causa frecuente de apendicectomía. El objetivo del estudio es determinar la prevalencia de EB en piezas quirúrgicas de apendicectomía junto con describir características clínico-morfológicas. Material y Método: Cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con oxiuriasis apendicular diagnosticados en el Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena entre 1993-2010. Se estudiaron variables clínico-morfológicas, utilizándose estadística descriptiva y analítica, aplicando Chi-cuadrado y test exacto de Fisher para variables categóricas y T-student para variables continuas con un IC de 95 por ciento. Resultados: En 21.038 apendicectomías se verificaron EB en 322 casos (1,53 por ciento). El 59 por ciento eran mujeres y 71 por ciento menor de 18 años. Inflamación aguda fue confirmada en 71 por ciento. En casos con inflamación aguda la temperatura rectal y recuento leucocitario promedio fue 380 C y 12.975 mm³ respectivamente, mientras que en casos sin inflamación 37,80 C y 10.984 mm³ (p = N.S). En el grupo apendicectomizado por sospecha de apendicitis el 40 por ciento tenía historia de dolor abdominal previo, mientras que en aquellos sin inflamación aguda asociada el 72 por ciento (p = 0,005). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de EB apendicular fue 1,53 por ciento, afectando fundamentalmente a niños-jóvenes del sexo femenino. La oxiuriasis apendicular representa una causa de dolor abdominal interpretado como apendicitis aguda, sin asociarse a inflamación en el examen anatomopatológico. La historia de dolor abdominal previo resultó una variable útil para discriminar cólico apendicular de apendicitis aguda.